Income gap widens as American factories shut down

READING, Pa. — For decades, American manufacturing was a surefire path to the middle class, especially for workers without college degrees.

No more.

Globalization, automation and recession destroyed nearly 6 million manufacturing jobs between 2000 and 2009, casting many displaced workers out of the middle class and, consequently, widening the income gap between the rich and everyone else.

Laid-off factory workers often find their skills outdated or no longer in demand, forcing them into lower-paying, lifestyle-crimping jobs in retail, warehousing, food service, health care and other fields.

That has played out in Reading (REH'-ding), an old Pennsylvania manufacturing hub where factories once made everything from hats to hardware.

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